## Defining Hypertension: The 2023 ESC/ESH Framework The 2023 European Society of Cardiology / European Society of Hypertension guidelines define hypertension as an office systolic BP ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥ 90 mmHg on at least two separate visits, or a single visit with grade 2 or 3 values. Ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM) and home BP monitoring (HBPM) remain the gold standard for confirming the diagnosis and ruling out white-coat hypertension. ## Blood Pressure Staging | Category | Systolic (mmHg) | Diastolic (mmHg) | |---|---|---| | Optimal | < 120 | < 80 | | Normal | 120–129 | 80–84 | | High-normal | 130–139 | 85–89 | | Grade 1 HT | 140–159 | 90–99 | | Grade 2 HT | 160–179 | 100–109 | | Grade 3 HT | ≥ 180 | ≥ 110 | | Isolated systolic HT | ≥ 140 | < 90 | ## Total Cardiovascular Risk Assessment Blood pressure grade alone is insufficient for treatment decisions. The 2023 guidelines mandate total CV risk stratification using SCORE2 or SCORE2-OP for patients aged ≥ 70. Factors that escalate risk independently of BP level include: - Established CVD (prior MI, stroke, PAD). - Diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2). - Chronic kidney disease (eGFR < 60 or urine ACR ≥ 30 mg/g). - Hypertensive target organ damage (LVH on ECG, CKD stage 3+, hypertensive retinopathy, microalbuminuria). ## When to Initiate Drug Treatment - **Grade 3 HT** (≥ 180/110): Initiate immediately alongside lifestyle measures. - **Grade 2 HT** (160–179/100–109): Initiate drug treatment at diagnosis after confirming with repeat measurement. - **Grade 1 HT** (140–159/90–99): Lifestyle measures for 3 months; initiate drugs if BP remains elevated or if CV risk is high/very high. - **High-normal BP with very high CV risk**: Consider drug treatment. ## First-Line Drug Choices The five major antihypertensive classes are all acceptable for initiation, but the 2023 ESC guidelines recommend **combination therapy** (usually 2 agents) as the starting strategy for most patients with grade 2 or 3 hypertension: - ACE inhibitor (or ARB) + Calcium channel blocker (CCB): preferred for most patients. - ACE inhibitor (or ARB) + Thiazide-like diuretic: particularly if CCB is not tolerated. - Triple therapy (RAS blocker + CCB + thiazide): for resistant hypertension. Beta-blockers are reserved for specific indications (heart failure with reduced EF, post-MI, AF rate control, pregnancy-associated hypertension). ## BP Targets - General adult population: target SBP 120–129 mmHg (if tolerated). - Age 65–79: target SBP 130–139 mmHg. - Age ≥ 80: target SBP 130–139 mmHg (with caution for orthostatic hypotension). - CKD: SBP 120–130 mmHg; individualise based on proteinuria. ## Target Organ Damage Workup at Diagnosis All newly diagnosed hypertensive patients should have: - Fasting glucose and HbA1c. - Lipid profile. - Serum creatinine and eGFR. - Urine ACR (albumin-to-creatinine ratio). - 12-lead ECG (for LVH — Sokolov-Lyon or Cornell criteria). - Fundoscopy (if grade 2/3 or long-standing). - Renal ultrasound if secondary hypertension is suspected. ## Documenting Hypertension in ClinIT ClinIT's cardiology note template includes structured fields for BP readings (sitting, standing), SCORE2 calculation, target organ damage checklist, and medication selection. The system tracks BP trend across visits and plots it as a timeline chart on the patient's dashboard.